Journal of Nano Structures
Volume:11 Issue: 2, Spring 2021

This research aimed to explain the preparation of functionalized-CeTPP/TiO2/Y zeolite in the degradation of dye contaminant. For this purpose, at first porphyrin ring is functionalized with OH groups with various ratios. Then the functionalized metal-porphyrin is encapsulated using the zeolite synthesis method. The entering of TiO2 is achieved by the impregnation method. The obtained photocatalyst systems are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) technique. It is found the functionalizing of the porphyrin ring with OH not only improved the photocatalytic behaviour but the reaction also can be occurred in the absence of H2O2. The effect of several parameters including catalyst loading, dye concentration, TiO2/CeTPP-Y on degradation yield is investigated. Mineralization of organic dye was studied by the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) experiment. It is found the kinetic of the photodegradation process is pseudo-first-order. However, the mechanism of the reaction has been proposed.

The photocatalyst process is considered the most promising method for the removal of water contamination. For excellent chemical and structural properties of Co3O4 nanoparticles, various Co3O4-based nanostructures can be applied as a photocatalyst. In this work, carbon quantum dots is prepared via an eco-friendly process and linked to Co3O4 effectively. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The photocatalyst process reveals that prepared nanocomposites can be degraded methylene blue under solar irradiation strongly. Results showed that methylene blue and methyl orange are degraded via 64% and 56% efficiency after 70 minutes of irradiation under visible irradiation using Co3O4 nanoparticles respectively. The photocatalytic performance of Co3O4 nanoparticles was improved via linking SN-GQDs and formation SN-GQDs/ Co3O4 nanocomposites. UV-Vis analysis revealed that charge transfer from Co3O4 to SN-GQDs and prevent charge recombination in Co3O4 which leads to better photocatalytic efficiency. This study introduces SN-GQDs/ Co3O4 nanocomposites as a novel and green photocatalyst agent.

In this study, a series of sulfated silica-titania catalysts were modified by metal cations (Al, Co, Zr, Cr, and Zn) to enhance the catalytic activity and stability of sulfated silica-titania in the esterification reaction. The results indicated that the sulfate phases of sulfated silica-titania were mostly changed to TiO(SO4) by the incorporation of support cations. It affected the acidity content of the samples and the bonding strength between the sulfate group and the support surface. Moreover, the mean pore size was drastically increased which had a positive influence on the activity of the sample in the esterification reaction. The results of catalytic activity showed that all the samples had suitable activity at 120°C, whereas the sulfated silica-titania catalyst that was reinforced by Al3+ exhibited less activity reduction by setting the temperature to 90°C. The highest conversion of oleic acid (90.7 ± 2%) was obtained under optimal reaction conditions including the temperature of 90°C, methanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 9:1, 3 wt.% catalyst, and reaction time of 3 h. The sulfated silica-titania modified by Al3+ also exhibited good catalytic stability for six cycles while a high reduction in the activity of sulfated silica-titania catalyst was observed.

Nanostructures have proved to be a very attractive option for sensor application due to their physical and chemical properties. In recent years, carbon quantum dots as a new member of carbon nanostructures has been widely used in the field of sensors. In this work, carbon quantum dots was synthesized via green precursors using hydrothermal method. The prepared products were characterized via with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), FT-IR, UV-Vis, and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The results revealed that the prepared carbon quantum dots provide excitation-dependent fluorescence emission. The obtained findings from photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed that as-prepared carbon quantum dots could be applied as a fluorescent probe for detection of ascorbic acid. The PL of carbon quantum dots can be significantly quenched by Cr(VI), which follows a dynamic quenching mechanism. As ascorbic acid enters the solution, Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) which cause the turn back the carbon quantm dots fluorescence and a good linearity in range of 0.06–0.18 mM.

Nano-kaolin/Ti(IV)/Fe3O4 as an efficient natural based magnetic nano-catalyst was synthesized and characterized using commercial nano-kaoline. Structural properties of this catalyst were investigated by using various techniques such as fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Coumarines have shown various biological activities such as analgesic, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antituberculosis and anti-HIV properties. Nano-kaolin/Ti(IV)/Fe3O4 was used for the synthesis of coumarines via Pechmann condensation between phenols and β-ketoester under solvent-free conditions at 120 °C. In this procedure, we have used phloroglucinol, resorcinol, 1-naphthol, pyrogalol and chatechol as nucleophile and ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl 2-chloro-acetoacetate, ethyl propionylacetate, ethyl 3-oxo-hexanoate, 2-ethoxycarbonyl cyclopentanone and ethyl benzoylacetate as electrophile. The structure of coumarine products was identified by FTIR and NMR spectroscopies. This method offers has several advantages such as easy workup, short reaction times, high product yields and reusability of catalyst.

In this research, the controllable synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalized with derivatives of diazonium salts containing -NO2 was carried out under mild and more efficient conditions (i.e. lower reaction temperature, shorter reaction time, assisting microwave and using radical scavenger) to study the morphology of these compounds before and after functionalization. For this purpose, the reactions of single-walled (SWCNT) and multi-walled (MWCNT) carbon nanotubes with 2-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline and 2,4-dinitroaniline in the presence of isoamyl nitrite as diazotization agent were performed at different conditions (i.e. solvent free, in dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent, thermal and microwave). The nitroaryl functionalized CNTs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) technique and elemental map analysis. The results clearly confirmed the successful controllable functionalization of CNTs by nitroaryl diazonium ions without any byproducts. The morphology of CNTs after functionalization is tubular. Functionalization of SWCNT by nitroaryl diazonium ions improves the crystallinity of starting material; while the crystallinity of MWCNT decreases with functionalization. The samples synthesized under microwave are more amorphous than samples synthesized under thermal conditions.

A thin film is a layer of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in thickness. The controlled production of materials as thin films is a crucial step in many applications. CdS thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis procedure at temperature 450 oC. The XRD, AFM and UV-Visible analysis were utilized to investigate the CdS films. The XRD investigation showed that prepared thin films have hexagonal structure with a particular direction along (101) plane. The crystallite size was measured from X-ray diffraction utilizing Scherrer's equation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed that the grain was consistently disseminated over the outside of the substrate for the CdS films. The grain size of the nanoparticles were calculated 66.26, 57.11 and 56.52 nm for the CdS, CdS :2% Cu, CdS :4% Cu respectively. The optical properties were done utilizing the UV-Visible analysis. It is found that Cu content affect the optical properties and via increasing the Cu amount, the band gap was decreased.

Here we report a novel nanocomposite composed from Mg-doped NiO and Mg- dopedMWCNTs using a facile sol-gel method. The synthesized Mg-doped NiO and Mg- dopedMWCNTs nanocomposite was characterization by XRD diffraction Analysis (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Filed Emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The X- Ray analysis revealed that the formation of nanocomposites, which has a cubic phase and a high crystalline nature. The FE-SEM images confirmed the success of decoration the Mg- doped NiO on the surface of the treated MWCNTs through the emergence of spherical shapes over the cylindrical tubes. Conversely, optical measurements reveal that the energy gap value for the Mg- NiO and the Mg/NiO-MWCNTs nanocomposite are 3.28 eV and 2.82 eV, respectively. This indicates decreasing the zone between conduction band and valence band. Moreover, it found that Mg-doped NiOMWCNTs nanocomposite showed high removal efficiency towards the lead element compared with the Mg-doped NiO. Also, MTT test was employed to study antitumor activity against MCF-7 and WRL68 cells. Our results showed that the Mg doped NiO-MWCNTs had cell viability of 66.7% and 71.9 % against MCF-7 and WRL68, respectively. In state of Mg- doped NiO sample was display cell viability of 70.2% and 71.9 % against MCF-7 and WRL68, respectively.

SnO2 nanoparticles was establish to catalyze efficiently a cyclo-condensation of 1,2-phenylenediamine with aldehydes in ethanol solvent at room temperature to provide the mono- and di-substituted benzimidazole derivatives in appropriate yields and short reaction time. Moreover, we used SnO2 nanoparticles as an easily available, less expensive and probable under environmentally friendly conditions catalyst in this technique.Therefore, this process presented significant advantageous including purification of target products by non-chromatographic procedure, low catalytic amount, simple efficient, application of recyclability and reusability of the catalyst, green and appropriate for the synthesis of a wide range of mono- and di-substituted benzimidazole derivatives. Furthermore, water was the only by-products, which added to its desirability.Benzimidazole derivativeshave various range of pharmacological activities.SnO2 nanoparticles is a noteworthy material due to its properties for instance high degree of transparency in the visible spectrum, strong thermal stability in air, low operating temperature and strong physical and chemical interaction with adsorbed species.

Carbon nano-templates were prepared from walnut shell calcination, then magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were coated on the carbon nano-templates. On the other hand silver (Ag) nanostructures were synthesized via a facile green precipitation method applying lactose as green capping agent in solvent of water and were coated on the C@Fe3O4 templates. Finally toxic carbon monoxide gas was purged from carbon/magnetite/Ag nanocomposites. The phase of prepared products were examined by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), band gap and optical were measured by UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, the bonds using the (FTIR) spectrometry and morphology via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The oxidation behaviour of C@Fe3O4@Ag nanocomposites was evaluated using the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The results introduce a relatively easy prepared nanocomposite for solving problem of fatal carbon monoxide.Carbon nano-templates were prepared from walnut shell calcination, then magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were coated on the carbon nano-templates. On the other hand silver (Ag) nanostructures were synthesized via a facile green precipitation method applying lactose as green capping agent in solvent of water and were coated on the C@Fe3O4 templates. Finally toxic carbon monoxide gas was purged from carbon/magnetite/Ag nanocomposites. The phase of prepared products were examined by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), band gap and optical were measured by UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, the bonds using the (FTIR) spectrometry and morphology via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The oxidation behaviour of C@Fe3O4@Ag nanocomposites was evaluated using the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.

TiO2 is a wide bandgap semiconductor nanomaterial that has attracted considerable attention for its diverse applications. The structure, crystal size, morphology, and bandgap of TiO2 play a vital role in photocatalysis and are related to the synthesis conditions and methods. In this study, the nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method and investigated the effect of varying pH on their structural and opto-electronic properties. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed anatase phase in all the samples and presence of rutile phase (4wt%) at pH 7. The smallest crystal size was observed at pH 8, while a neutral pH gave larger crystal sizes. The TiO2 grains were observed to have a nearly spherical spongy-like shape and agglomerated nanoparticles. The bandgap energy was found to increase with the increase pH value until neutral. The photocatalytic activity of the NPs was investigated by the degradation of methylene blue solution. The TiO2 nanoparticles obtained at a pH of 8 exhibited the highest degradation efficiency of 82 % at a degradation rate of 0.0048/min.

ZnO absorbs certain amount of light which represent by VU region and this behavior is responsible to decide the activities in different applications light. The main objective was to study ZnO after and before modifying with AgN and MWCNTs in binary and ternary composites with and without UV-A light irradiation. The work include synthesized ZnO/MWCNT, Ag:ZnO and Ag:ZnO/MWCNT with characterization by x-ray diffraction and photo-luminance . the synthesized binary and ternary ZnO composites were tested in inhibition Acinetobacter baumannii which shown higher activities for Ag:ZnO/MWCNT as compere with ether synthesized nano composites. ZnO absorbs certain amount of light which represent by VU region and this behavior is responsible to decide the activities in different applications light. The main objective was to study ZnO after and before modifying with AgN and MWCNTs in binary and ternary composites with and without UV-A light irradiation. The work include synthesized ZnO/MWCNT, Ag:ZnO and Ag:ZnO/MWCNT with characterization by x-ray diffraction and photo-luminance . the synthesized binary and ternary ZnO composites were tested in inhibition Acinetobacter baumannii which shown higher activities for Ag:ZnO/MWCNT as compere with ether synthesized nano composites.

Direct conversion of Solar energy to electrical energy using nanostructured organic/inorganic hybrid semiconductors is one of the best solutions for today’s energy crisis. Researchers are turning their attention to the incorporation of metal or transition metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) into the active layer of polymer solar cells (PSCs) to increase the power conversion efficiency. The design approaches for the incorporation of metal NPs such as gold (Au) are based on localized plasmonic resonance effect (LSPR) which can be used to enhance the optical absorption in photovoltaic devices. Meanwhile, the transition metal oxide NPs such as Cuprous oxide (CuO) NPs in the active layer play a key role as light-harvesting centers, charge particle hopping centers, and surface morphology developers enabling a considerable reduction in the physical thickness of photovoltaic absorber layers. In this study, Au and CuO NPs are incorporated into poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/ [6:6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid (PCBM) active layer to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs. The influence of the Au and CuO NPs in the P3HT/PCBM was investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Electrical characteristics of the devices were analyzed from J–V characteristics and external quantum efficiency measurement to observe the performance of the P3HT: PCBM PSCs. The addition of Au and CuO NPs increased the power conversion efficiency by 48.7% compared to the reference cell. The short circuit current(Jsc) of the optimum cell was measured at 7.218 mA/cm2. Also, the external quantum efficiency(EQE) increased from 45% to 68.5%, showing 52.2% enhancement.

Different antibiotic drugs are widely present in the environment for the treatment of bacterial infections. Overuse of antibiotics leads to the accumulation of these drugs in water systems. Removing antibiotics-based pollutants from water is essential. Nanoscience and nanotechnology can be very helpful in this field. In this work, CuO/ZrO2 nanocomposites was prepared via the simple and facile method. The prepared samples were analyzed X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and UV-Vis analysis. The results indicate the high potential of synthesized nanocomposites made in photocatalytic degradation. The prepared CuO/ZrO2 Nanocomposites degrades 96.4% of Tetracycline antibiotic under ultraviolet light irradiation after 120 min. The effect of CuO/ZrO2 nanocomposites dosage and solution pH was studied. It was found that the photocatalytic performance of CuO/ZrO2 nanocomposites can be improved via increasing concentration until optimal dosage (0.8 g/L) and in a higher dosage than 0.8 g/L no significant improvement was observed. Also, the results confirmed that the photodegradation of tetracycline can be elevated via increasing pH.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were accomplished at two temperatures (298.15 and 310.15 K) in both gas phase and water solvent on polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid (PEG-PLA) nanocomposites designed as efficient drug delivery systems (DDSs) for the gemcitabine (GEM) anticancer drug. The systems contained different nanotubes as inorganic fillers including carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon nitride nanotube (CN), carbon phosphide nanotube (CP), silicon nitride nanotube (SiN) and silicon phosphide nanotube (SiP). Furthermore, the effect of adding folic acid (FA) into the systems was investigated on the drug delivery efficacy. The free volume (FV) and fractional free volume (FFV) values were increased through adding nanotubes into the PEG-PLA-GEM and PEG-PLA-GEM-FA systems. The FV and FFV were changed by the nanotube type as CN>SiN>CP>SiP>CNT. The solubility parameter of GEM drug was close to those of the PEG, PLA and FA revealing the GEM molecules could properly be compatible and miscible with the PEG-PLA-FA blend. The mean square displacements (MSDs) and diffusion coefficients in both of the PEG-PLA-GEM and PEG-PLA-GEM-FA systems composed of diverse nanotubes were varied with the nanotube type in the order of CN<SiN<CP<SiP<CNT. The smallest drug diffusion in the PEG-PLA-GEM-CN-FA at both temperatures confirmed that the most controlled and effective drug delivery was happened in this system.

Water contamination has negative effects on people's quality of life and the environment in recent decades as a result of increased agricultural and industrial activities. Using new advanced nanomaterials can be helpful for the removal of water contamination. In this study, novel hydroxyapatite/zinc Oxide nanocomposites was prepared via a simple ci-precipitation route. Hydroxyapatite has been known as a biocompatible nanomaterial. Prepared samples were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. It was found that hydroxyapatite/zinc Oxide nanocomposites can be provided as an attractive candidate for photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes. The prepared Hydroxyapatite/Zinc Oxide nanocomposites were utilized as a photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue and acid blue 92. Results showed that prepared hydroxyapatite/zinc Oxide nanocomposites can be degraded 87% and 98% of rhodamine B and methylene blue under UV irradiation respectively. It was observed that hydroxyapatite improve the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide.

Gd0.745Y1.255O3 and Yb1.4Y0.6O3 nano-powders of mixed rare-earth-yttrium sesquioxides (diluted magnetics) were successfully synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method using rare-earth-nitrate salts as cation precursors and followed by a 4 hour heat-treatment at various temperatures (600 °C, 800 °C and 1000°C) for material crystallization. Experiments demonstrated the role of pH on the "co-precipitation" synthesis of Gd0.745Y1.255O3 and Yb1.4Y0.6O3 nano-powders. The pH values were adjusted by adding NaOH which, as a precipitating agent, has a key role in this process. The obtained nano-powders were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction; their morphologies were analyzed by scanning electron microscope SEM, their average sizes were calculated using Scherrer formula, and their optical properties were studied using UV-Vis spectrophotometer with Tauc plot estimation to determine the band-gap energy. The influence of heat treatment, on the morphology and crystallite sizes of Gd0.745Y1.255O3 and Yb1.4Y0.6O3 nano-powders, was studied. The results indicated that the agglomeration of particles was favored by hydroxide precipitation, one of many other factors, including temperature and calcination time, that influence the quality of Gd0.745Y1.255O3 and Yb1.4Y0.6O3 nano-powders according to the SEM images, while the XRD analysis showed that crystallinity increased with an increase in calcination temperature. The study of particle-size distribution at different calcination temperatures indicated that the Grain-size increased from ~42 nm to ~100 nm for Gd0.745Y1.255O3 and from ~13 nm to ~50 nm for Yb1.4Y0.6O3 as the calcination temperatures increased, this influence also the optical band-gap which found to be decreasing from 4.22 to 3.95 eV when the particle sizes increasing for Yb1.4Y0.6O3.

The main objective of the project was to fabricate a vertical Gate All Around (GAA) p-i-n doped Tunneling Field Effect Transistor (TFET) device for which attaining precise nanopillar structure were needed, to be optimized and achieved. This paper specifically focused on fabrication of Nano pillar on Silicon wafer using Hydrogen Silsesquioxane (HSQ). Initially we experimented with two methods Plasma Asher and AMAT Etch chamber. We have chosen HSQ resist for patterning high-resolution 100 nm circular dot structures for the fabrication of densely packed suspended vertical Si Nano pillars. This provides high etching resistivity of HSQ and better convenience of pattern transfer and selectivity from resist to various materials. IN addition, epitaxial semiconductor Si wafers with different semiconductor layers have been directly implemented to render nanopillars with self-aligned and well-defined homo or hetero junction properties. These structures may be used to analyze evidence of the primary design of devices such as vertical surround Gate field effect transistors.

The present study reports the determination of the Fe3O4 nanoparticle based carnosine and taurine enzymes. The aim of the study was to develop a methodology that allows the determination of amino acids by HPLC in their joint presence in eye drops. In the result a method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of the components of eye drops (carnosine and taurine) by HPLC with preliminary preparation of dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives. This method has been validated for specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and analytical range, ranging from 80% to 120% of nominal. Nanotechnology is one of the quick rising areas of progressing technology, thus being a source of prospect for medicine and pharmacy. It is approved that, exactly metal oxides designed as nanoparticles will be used to soak medical devices and clothes, to fight viruses and bacteria, in new drug delivery systems or cancer therapy. For the medicinal science to completely profit from the new nanotechnology accomplishments, it is serious to determine the nanoparticles penetration mechanisms into the cells, their action inside the cells, the accumulation degree in various organs of living organisms. It has been cleared that numerous efforts at elucidating the biocompatibility of nano alumina for animals and humans.

In this paper, first different ferrite nanoparticles including, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, and CuFe2O4 were synthesized using the hydrothermal method, then for investigation of the properties, various analyzes including SEM, XRD, and VSM were taken from them. Then using the friction stir processing technique, these nanoparticles were poured into AA7075 aluminum alloy and a surface composite was created. Results showed that all particles are in nanoscale and have a uniform and fine-grained structure. Also, the micro-hardness of the produced nanocomposites was significantly increased.Then surface nanocomposites were fabricated with these nanoparticles using FSP and their microhardness properties were investigated. Based on the results of this paper, hydrothermal was a suitable method for the production of nanoparticles with a uniform and fine-grained structure, and the fabricated nanoparticles comply with standard peaks. These nanoparticles also have magnetic properties that can be used for radar wave absorption applications. In addition, the fabricated nanoparticles can also improve the mechanical property of the hardness of the surface nanocomposites.